# Ngā Mātāpono DNS: Ngā Whakamārama mō ngā A Records, MX, CNAME, me TXT Source: https://support.kapsulehost.com/mi-nz/dns-basics DNS tētahi o ngā mea e mahi ngaro ana i te wā e tika ana ngā mea katoa, ā, ka tino whai take kia mārama koe ki a ia i te wā he hē kei reira. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga he aha a DNS, he aha te mahi a ia momo pūkete, me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā pūkete DNS i KPanel. --- ## He Aha a DNS? Me whakaaro ki a DNS (Domain Name System) hei pukapuka waea mō te ipurangi. Ina tāuhihia e koe `yourdomain.com` ki roto i te pūtirotiro, kāore tō rorohiko e mōhio aunoa ko tēhea tūmau me hono atu. Ka whakamāoritia e DNS te ingoa rorohiko e taea ai e te tangata te pānui hei wāhitau IP ā-tau e whakamahia ana e ngā rorohiko hei kimi i te tūmau tika. Mēnā kāore he DNS, me tāuhi koe i tētahi mea pēnei i a `192.168.1.200` hei toro atu ki ia pae tukutuku. Nā DNS i whai hua ai te ipurangi mā te whakaae ki a tātou kia whakamahi i ngā ingoa māmā kia maumahara ai, kaua ko ngā nama anake. Kei ia rohe ingoa tētahi huinga pūkete DNS e mahi ana hei rārangi raupapa mōna: ki hea te tuku i te hokohoko tukutuku, ki hea te tuku i te īmēra, he aha ngā ratonga kua whakaaetia hei tuku īmēra mō tōna taha, me ētahi atu anō. --- ## Kei Hea e Whakahaeretia Ana ngā Pūkete DNS Ka whakahaeretia ngā pūkete DNS mō tō rohe ingoa i te wāhi e tohu atu ai ō tūmau ingoa. Mēnā kei te whakamahi tō rohe ingoa i ngā tūmau ingoa a KapsuleHost (ns1.kapsulecloud.com, ns2.kapsulecloud.com, ns3.kapsuledns.com, ns4.kapsuledns.com), kātahi katoa ngā pūkete DNS e whakahaeretia ana mai i KPanel > **Rohe** > tō rohe ingoa > **DNS me ngā Tūmau Ingoa**. Mēnā kei te whakamahi koe i ngā tūmau ingoa a tētahi kaiwhakarato kē, ka whakahaeretia e koe ngā pūkete DNS i taua kaiwhakarato, kaua i KPanel. --- ## Ngā Momo Pūkete DNS Tino Whai Take ### Pūkete A Ka whakapā te pūkete A i tō ingoa rohe ki tētahi wāhitau IPv4. Koinei te huarahi e mōhio ai ngā pūtirotiro ki tēhea tūmau me hono atu ina toro mai tētahi tangata ki tō pae tukutuku. **Tauira:** ``` yourdomain.com. A 203.0.113.10 www.yourdomain.com. A 203.0.113.10 ``` Ko te rohe matua me te paetukutuku-iti www, he tikanga kei a rāua ngā pūkete A e tohu atu ana ki te IP tūmau kotahi. **Ko ngā wā e whakamahia ai:** Me whai ia rohe ingoa e whakahaere ana i tētahi pae tukutuku i te iti rawa kotahi pūkete A. Mā KapsuleHost tēnei e hanga aunoa i te wā ka tāpirihia e koe tētahi rohe ingoa. --- ### Pūkete AAAA He rite te pūkete AAAA ki te pūkete A, engari mō IPv6. He roa ake ngā wāhitau IPv6 (hei tauira, `2001:db8::1`), ā, kei te kaha haere te whakamahia i a rātou i te mea kei te neke te ipurangi mai i IPv4. He rite tonu te mahi: te tohu atu i te ingoa rohe ki tētahi wāhitau tūmau. **Ko ngā wā e whakamahia ai:** Ko te nuinga o ngā pae tukutuku kāore e hiahia ana ki te whirihora ā-ringa i ngā pūkete AAAA. Ka whakahaeretia aunoatia ēnei i te wā e tautoko ana tō tūmau whakahautanga i a IPv6. --- ### Pūkete CNAME Ka hanga te pūkete CNAME (Canonical Name) i tētahi ingoa huna, e tohu atu ana i tētahi ingoa rohe ki tētahi atu ingoa rohe, kaua ki tētahi wāhitau IP. Ka whai te pūtirotiro i te CNAME kia kitea ai te pūkete A ā-mutunga. **Tauira:** ``` shop.yourdomain.com. CNAME yourdomain.com. ``` Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ka taki `shop.yourdomain.com` ki te wāhi kotahi e taki ai hoki `yourdomain.com`. **Ko ngā wā e whakamahia ai:** He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā [CNAME](https://support.kapsulehost.com/mi-nz/cname-records) mō ngā paetukutuku-iti, mō te whakaū i te rangatiratanga o tētahi rohe ingoa ki ngā ratonga tuatoru (hei tauira, Google Search Console), ā, mō te tohu atu i tētahi paetukutuku-iti ki tētahi ratonga o waho pēnei i tētahi pokapū āwhina kua whakahaeretia, me tētahi papa tāpae whakaritenga rānei. > **Warning:** E kore koe e taea te whakamahi i te CNAME i te rohe matua (yourdomain.com) i te taha o tētahi pūkete MX, ētahi atu pūkete rānei. Whakamahia tētahi pūkete A i te rohe matua, ā, ko ngā pūkete CNAME anake mō ngā paetukutuku-iti. --- ### Pūkete MX Ka kī te pūkete MX (Mail Exchanger) ki ngā tūmau īmēra ki hea me tuku i ngā īmēra e tukuna ana ki ngā wāhitau o tō rohe ingoa. Ki te kore he pūkete MX tika, ka rahu te tuku īmēra ki a you@yourdomain.com. **Tauira:** ``` yourdomain.com. MX 10 mail.kapsulehost.com. ``` Ko te nama (10 i te tauira) te whakaraupapatanga matua. Mēnā he maha ngā pūkete MX, ko ngā nama iti ake e whakamātauhia tuatahitia ana. Mā tēnei e taea ai ngā tūmau īmēra tāpiri hei whakahoki. **Ko ngā wā e whakamahia ai:** Me whai ia rohe ingoa e whakamahi ana i te īmēra i te iti rawa kotahi [pūkete MX](https://support.kapsulehost.com/mi-nz/mx-records). Ina whakamahi tō rohe ingoa i ngā tūmau ingoa a KapsuleHost, ka whakaritea aunoatia ngā pūkete MX ina hanga koe i tētahi pouaka īmēra. --- ### Pūkete TXT Ka pupuri ngā pūkete TXT i ngā raraunga kupu noa e pā ana ki tētahi rohe ingoa. Ka whakamahia ēnei mō ngā kaupapa huhua: **SPF (Sender Policy Framework):** Ka tohu he aha ngā tūmau kua whakaaetia hei tuku īmēra mō tō rohe ingoa. Ka ārai i te tinihanga īmēra. **DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail):** He kī ā-tuhipoka e whakamahia ana hei whakaū nā tō tūmau īmēra pono i tuku te īmēra mai i tō rohe ingoa, kaua he mea tito. **DMARC:** He kaupapa here e kī ana ki ngā tūmau īmēra e whiwhi ana me aha ki ngā īmēra e rahu ana i ngā whakamātautau SPF, DKIM rānei. **Whakaūnga rohe ingoa:** Ko ngā ratonga pēnei i a Google Search Console, Microsoft 365, me ētahi atu, ka tono ki a koe kia tāpirihia tētahi pūkete TXT hei whakaatu nāu te rohe ingoa. **Tauira:** ``` yourdomain.com. TXT "v=spf1 include:mail.kapsulehost.com ~all" ``` Ina whakamahi tō rohe ingoa i ngā tūmau ingoa a KapsuleHost, ka whakaritea aunoatia ngā [pūkete SPF, DKIM, me DMARC](https://support.kapsulehost.com/mi-nz/spf-dkim-dmarc) mō ō pouaka īmēra KapsuleHost. --- ### Pūkete NS Ka tohu ngā pūkete NS (Name Server) he aha ngā tūmau DNS e whai mana ana mō tō rohe ingoa. Ka whakaatu rātou ki te ipurangi ki hea me haere kia kitea ai ngā pūkete DNS katoa o tō rohe ingoa. **Tauira:** ``` yourdomain.com. NS ns1.kapsulecloud.com. yourdomain.com. NS ns2.kapsulecloud.com. yourdomain.com. NS ns3.kapsuledns.com. yourdomain.com. NS ns4.kapsuledns.com. ``` **Ko ngā wā e whakamahia ai:** Ka whakaritea ngā pūkete NS i tō rēhita, kaua i tō papa whakahaere DNS. Ko te huri i ngā pūkete NS ka whakawhiti i te mana whakahaere DNS mai i tētahi kaiwhakarato ki tētahi atu. Tirohia [Te Huri i ngā Tūmau Ingoa kia Tohu ai tō Rohe Ingoa ki KapsuleHost](https://support.kapsulehost.com/mi-nz/nameservers). > **Note:** Kaua e whakarerekē tika i ngā pūkete NS i roto i KPanel. Ka mahia ngā huringa NS i tō rēhita rohe ingoa. Mēnā ka hē te whakatikatika i ngā pūkete NS, ka taea e koe te whakakore i te whakapātanga ki tō rohe ingoa katoa. --- ## TTL: He Aha e Roa Ai ngā Huringa DNS Ko te TTL (Time to Live) he uara e piri ana ki ia pūkete DNS e kī ana ki ētahi atu tūmau DNS me pēhea te roa o te penapena (rokiroki) i taua pūkete i mua i te tirotiro mō ngā whakahoutanga. Ka ineatia ki ngā hēkona. **Tauira:** Ko te TTL o `3600` te tikanga, ka penapenatia te pūkete mō te hāora kotahi. I roto i taua hāora, ahakoa ka huri koe i te pūkete, ka noho tonu ngā rorohiko kua penapena kē i te uara tawhito ki te whakamahi i taua uara tae noa ki te mutunga o tā rātou penapena. Ngā uara TTL noa: | Uara TTL | Roanga | |---|---| | 300 | 5 meneti | | 900 | 15 meneti | | 3600 | 1 hāora | | 14400 | 4 hāora | | 86400 | 24 hāora | **He aha i whai take ai tēnei:** Ina huri koe i tētahi pūkete DNS, kāore te huringa e puta tonu mai mō te katoa. Ko ngā tāngata me ngā pūnaha huri noa i te ao kei a rātou te pūkete tawhito kua penapenatia, ka whakamahi tonu i te uara tawhito tae noa ki te mutunga o tō rātou TTL. Koinei te take e roa ai te "whakaaenga DNS" (DNS propagation), tae noa ki te 48 hāora mō ngā uara TTL tino nui. > **Tip:** Mēnā kei te mōhio koe ka huri koe i ngā pūkete DNS ā tōna wā (hei tauira, te neke i tētahi pae tukutuku ki tētahi tūmau hou), whakahekea tō TTL ki ngā hēkona 300 i te rā i mua i te huringa. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ka hohoro te mutu o ngā uara tawhito kua penapenatia i muri i tō huringa, ā, ka whakaitihia te roanga o te whakaaenga. Kia mau pai ana te huringa, whakahokia atu te TTL ki tētahi uara teitei ake. --- ![Te wharangi pūkete DNS mō tētahi rohe ingoa i KPanel](https://support.kapsulehost.com/help/screenshots/dns-basics.6c2b772f.webp) ## Me Pēhea te Tiro me te Whakatikatika i ngā Pūkete DNS i KPanel 1. Takiuru atu ki [kpanel.kapsulehost.com](https://kpanel.kapsulehost.com) 2. Pāwhiritia **Rohe** i te tahataha 3. Pāwhiritia tō ingoa rohe 4. Pāwhiritia **DNS me ngā Tūmau Ingoa** i te tahu mārohi Mai i konei ka taea e koe te: - **Tiro** i ngā pūkete katoa kua waiho - **Tāpiri** i tētahi pūkete hou mā te pāwhiri i **Add Record**, ā, mā te kōwhiri i te momo pūkete - **Whakatikatika** i tētahi pūkete kua waiho mā te pāwhiri i te tohu whakatikatika - **Muku** i tētahi pūkete mā te pāwhiri i te tohu muku > **Warning:** Ka taea e te mukunga o te pūkete DNS hē te whakakore i tō pae tukutuku, tō īmēra rānei. Mēnā kāore koe e mōhio he aha te take o tētahi pūkete, kaua e mukua. Whakapā atu ki a support@kapsulehost.com i mua i te tango i ngā pūkete kāore koe e tino mōhio ana. --- ## Te Tirotiro i ngā Pūkete DNS Kei roto i KPanel tētahi taputapu tirotiro DNS e taea ai e koe te whakamahi hei whakaū kua whakaaengia tika ō pūkete: 1. Haere ki **Rohe** > tō rohe ingoa > **DNS me ngā Tūmau Ingoa** 2. Rapua tētahi kōwhiringa **Check DNS**, **DNS Checker** rānei 3. Tāuhihia te momo pūkete me te rohe ingoa e hiahia ana koe kia whakaūtia Ka taea anō e koe te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tirotiro DNS e wātea noa ana ki te iwi whānui hei whakaū i ngā pūkete mai i waho o te whatunga a KapsuleHost, e āwhina ana kia whakaūtia kua whakaaengia ngā huringa puta noa i te ao. --- ## He Tohutoro Tere | Momo Pūkete | E Tohu Atu Ana ki | Whakamahia Mō | |---|---|---| | A | Wāhitau IP | Te whakahautanga pae tukutuku | | AAAA | Wāhitau IPv6 | Te whakahautanga IPv6 | | CNAME | Tētahi atu ingoa rohe | Ngā paetukutuku-iti, ngā ingoa huna | | MX | Ingoa tūmau o te tūmau īmēra | Te tuku īmēra | | TXT | Kupu kuputuhi | SPF, DKIM, DMARC, whakaūnga rohe ingoa | | NS | Ingoa tūmau o te tūmau DNS | Te tukunga tūmau ingoa |